Greek philosophy laid the foundation of Western philosophy. It shifted people’s attention from gods to human reason and the natural world.
希腊哲学奠定了西方哲学的基础，它将人们的关注点从神祇转向人类理性与客观自然界。
Pre‑Socratics 前苏格拉底哲学家

    Thales is regarded as the first Greek philosopher. He believed water is the origin of all things.
    泰勒斯：被视作第一位希腊哲学家，认为水是万物本原。
    Pythagoras held that numbers are the essence of the universe.
    毕达哥拉斯：认为数是宇宙的本质。
    Heraclitus argued that everything is in constant change. His famous saying: “You cannot step twice into the same river.”
    赫拉克利特：主张万物都处于不断变化之中，名言：“人不能两次踏入同一条河流。”

Three Great Philosophers 希腊三大哲学家

    Socrates
    He did not write any books. We know his ideas mainly from Plato’s writings. He used the Socratic Method (question‑and‑answer dialogue) to seek truth. He emphasized ethics and self‑examination. He was sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens.

苏格拉底
本人没有著作流传，思想主要见于柏拉图的作品。使用苏格拉底问答法（对话诘问）探求真理。重视伦理与自我反省。因被指控腐蚀雅典青年而被判处死刑。

    Plato
    Student of Socrates. His most important work is The Republic. He proposed the theory of Ideas (Forms). He dreamed of an ideal state ruled by philosopher‑kings.

柏拉图
苏格拉底的学生。代表作《理想国》。提出理念论，构想由哲学王统治的理想城邦。

    Aristotle
    Student of Plato. He built a comprehensive system of knowledge covering logic, politics, physics and ethics. His work Politics discusses different forms of government. He valued observation and empirical facts. He once tutored Alexander the Great.

亚里士多德
柏拉图的学生。构建涵盖逻辑学、政治学、物理学、伦理学的完整知识体系。著作《政治学》探讨各类政体。重视观察与经验事实。曾担任亚历山大大帝的老师。
Later Greek Philosophy 后期希腊哲学

    Stoicism: emphasized reason, self‑control and acceptance of fate.
    斯多葛学派：强调理性、自我克制、顺应命运。
    Epicureanism: pursued happiness as the goal of life; advocated moderate pleasure.
    伊壁鸠鲁学派：把幸福当作人生目标，主张适度的享乐。